They cover different forest structures and habitats, with a limited focus on soil, litter and forest canopy. We mapped the sampling approaches to multi-taxon biodiversity, standing trees and deadwood, and used this overview to provide operational answers to two simple, yet crucial, questions: what to sample? How to sample? The most commonly sampled taxonomic groups are vascular plants (83% of datasets), beetles (80%), lichens (66%), birds (66%), fungi (61%), bryophytes (49%). The network data structure comprised the assessment of at least three taxa, and the measurement of forest stand structure in the same plots or stands. We established a network of researchers involved in 41 projects on forest multi-taxon biodiversity across 13 European countries. Here we address the need of common sampling protocols for forest structure and multi-taxon biodiversity to be used at broad spatial scales.
Several projects performed multi-taxon sampling to investigate the effects of forest management on biodiversity, but the large variability of their sampling approaches hampers the identification of general trends, and limits broad-scale inference for designing SFM. Although scientific evidence indicates that sustainable forest management (SFM) should be assessed by monitoring multi-taxon biodiversity, most current SFM criteria and indicators account only for trees or consider indirect biodiversity proxies. Forests host most terrestrial biodiversity and their sustainable management is crucial to halt biodiversity loss.
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